Social Security Research InstituteSocial Security Journal1563-078116120200521Investigating Investment Approaches in Pension Funds: The Case of Iran Social Security OrganizationInvestigating Investment Approaches in Pension Funds: The Case of Iran Social Security Organization1339122062FAAmir H.MozayaniPhD in International Economics, Associate Professor at the Institute of Economic Research, Tarbiat Modares University (corresponding author).RezaAlizadeh HaspastanMA in Economics, Institute of Economic Research, Tarbiat Modares University.Journal Article20210106< p >For nearly nine decades, the concepts of retirement and benefits of employment saving for the elderly period have been introduced in the context of various pension funds in Iran. In this regard, the Social Security Organization, as the largest pension fund in the country, has great social importance. On the other hand, this organization, with one of the largest financial reserves, is also of great economic importance. Therefore, asset - liability management is of particular importance so that it can guarantee existing resources for current use and repay future liabilities for future years. To this end, it is important to take the right investment approach. In order to pathologies and analyze this issue, in the present study, the cash flow of revenues and expenditures of the organization along with its specific features and requirements for the period 2010-2017 was analyzed. Then, the requirements for adopting active or passive investment approaches and outsourcing or introspection in investment management of the organization''''''''s reserves and global experiences were introduced and the current approaches of the organization were evaluated. The results imply that the current approach of the organization is passive and without any outsourcing in investment management. At the same time, the results indicate that it is difficult to take an active approach in the current situation due to the low depth of the financial market, inappropriate business environment and high government prevalence on the Social Security Organization.< p >For nearly nine decades, the concepts of retirement and benefits of employment saving for the elderly period have been introduced in the context of various pension funds in Iran. In this regard, the Social Security Organization, as the largest pension fund in the country, has great social importance. On the other hand, this organization, with one of the largest financial reserves, is also of great economic importance. Therefore, asset - liability management is of particular importance so that it can guarantee existing resources for current use and repay future liabilities for future years. To this end, it is important to take the right investment approach. In order to pathologies and analyze this issue, in the present study, the cash flow of revenues and expenditures of the organization along with its specific features and requirements for the period 2010-2017 was analyzed. Then, the requirements for adopting active or passive investment approaches and outsourcing or introspection in investment management of the organization''''''''s reserves and global experiences were introduced and the current approaches of the organization were evaluated. The results imply that the current approach of the organization is passive and without any outsourcing in investment management. At the same time, the results indicate that it is difficult to take an active approach in the current situation due to the low depth of the financial market, inappropriate business environment and high government prevalence on the Social Security Organization.https://qjo.ssor.ir/article_122062_588e6674ac94bf06e77c765ed1a9076e.pdfSocial Security Research InstituteSocial Security Journal1563-078116120200521Macroeconomic Variables and Demand for Self-employment Insurance in the Social Security OrganizationMacroeconomic Variables and Demand for Self-employment Insurance in the Social Security Organization4159122064FASamiraParmahMA in Accounting, Urmia University (Corresponding Author).SajjadMardomdarPhD Student in Insurance Economics, University of TabrizAliHeidariPhD in Media Management, University of TehranJournal Article20210106<strong>O</strong><strong>bjective: </strong>This study examines the impact of macroeconomic variables on the demand of self-employment insurance in 31 province of Iran. The specific objective of this study is to investigate the effect of GDP, inflation rate, unemployment rate and education on the demand of self-employment insurance.
<strong>Me</strong><strong>thod: </strong>For this purpose, data related to research variables in the period of
1380-1395 have been collected and a dynamic panel model using generalized method of moments (GMM) has been used to investigate the issue.
<strong>F</strong><strong>indings: </strong>The results show that the effect of inflation rate on the demand for self-employment insurance is negative and significant, and the coefficients of unemployment rate, education and gross domestic product are positive and significant. Also, the interval of the dependent variable has a positive and significant effect on the dependent variable.
<strong>C</strong><strong>onclusion: </strong>The research findings could be widely used in line with insurance policies including the generalization and expansion of insurance coverage to specific classes and groups (self-employment insurance of the Social Security Organization) through the social, economic and cultural roles of social security organization and also, informing and educating the members of the society about the self-employment insurance.<strong>O</strong><strong>bjective: </strong>This study examines the impact of macroeconomic variables on the demand of self-employment insurance in 31 province of Iran. The specific objective of this study is to investigate the effect of GDP, inflation rate, unemployment rate and education on the demand of self-employment insurance.
<strong>Me</strong><strong>thod: </strong>For this purpose, data related to research variables in the period of
1380-1395 have been collected and a dynamic panel model using generalized method of moments (GMM) has been used to investigate the issue.
<strong>F</strong><strong>indings: </strong>The results show that the effect of inflation rate on the demand for self-employment insurance is negative and significant, and the coefficients of unemployment rate, education and gross domestic product are positive and significant. Also, the interval of the dependent variable has a positive and significant effect on the dependent variable.
<strong>C</strong><strong>onclusion: </strong>The research findings could be widely used in line with insurance policies including the generalization and expansion of insurance coverage to specific classes and groups (self-employment insurance of the Social Security Organization) through the social, economic and cultural roles of social security organization and also, informing and educating the members of the society about the self-employment insurance.https://qjo.ssor.ir/article_122064_412493da6bf5143e74daf5d94098d74e.pdfSocial Security Research InstituteSocial Security Journal1563-078116120200521Designing a Model for Calculating and Announcing Medical Service Tariffs
in IranDesigning a Model for Calculating and Announcing Medical Service Tariffs
in Iran6185122066FAFarhadKouhiMA in Health Economics, Social Security Organization.Journal Article20210106<strong>In</strong><strong>troduction: </strong>It is necessary to have a transparent and measurable mechanism for determining the medical service tariffs in order to achieve the desired outcomes of the health system. The purpose behind this study is to design a national model for the country’s tariff system.
<strong>Me</strong><strong>thod: </strong>Descriptive-comparative research has been done in three stages. 1) Using the content analysis method, the challenges of the existing tariff system have been identified. 2) Using the comparative study method, the health system and tariffing processes in selected countries have been studied. 3) Using Delphi technique, the desirable and national model has been designed.
<strong>F</strong><strong>indings: </strong>The findings of the study, while providing a general model, contain the following suggestions:
1. In the field of structure: creating a balance between the votes of the supply and demand representatives of medical services and the existence of committees to provide the necessary evidences for decision-making.
2. In the field of process:
- Separation of physician work and practice expenses RVUs2 for all medical services.
- Determining the physician work conversion factor
- Determining the practice expenses conversion factor or adjusting its relative value units according to the physician work conversion factor
- Calculating the average cost of physician work and practice expenses RVUs of paraclinical services
- Converting hotel costing to relative value units.
3. In the field of supervision, the formation of a committee to monitor the determination and implementation of tariffs
<strong>D</strong><strong>iscussion: </strong>Iran’s healthcare tariff system is facing serious challenges and defects, and it is expected that the proposed reforms in this study will pave the way for the desirable outcomes in the country’s health system.<strong>In</strong><strong>troduction: </strong>It is necessary to have a transparent and measurable mechanism for determining the medical service tariffs in order to achieve the desired outcomes of the health system. The purpose behind this study is to design a national model for the country’s tariff system.
<strong>Me</strong><strong>thod: </strong>Descriptive-comparative research has been done in three stages. 1) Using the content analysis method, the challenges of the existing tariff system have been identified. 2) Using the comparative study method, the health system and tariffing processes in selected countries have been studied. 3) Using Delphi technique, the desirable and national model has been designed.
<strong>F</strong><strong>indings: </strong>The findings of the study, while providing a general model, contain the following suggestions:
1. In the field of structure: creating a balance between the votes of the supply and demand representatives of medical services and the existence of committees to provide the necessary evidences for decision-making.
2. In the field of process:
- Separation of physician work and practice expenses RVUs2 for all medical services.
- Determining the physician work conversion factor
- Determining the practice expenses conversion factor or adjusting its relative value units according to the physician work conversion factor
- Calculating the average cost of physician work and practice expenses RVUs of paraclinical services
- Converting hotel costing to relative value units.
3. In the field of supervision, the formation of a committee to monitor the determination and implementation of tariffs
<strong>D</strong><strong>iscussion: </strong>Iran’s healthcare tariff system is facing serious challenges and defects, and it is expected that the proposed reforms in this study will pave the way for the desirable outcomes in the country’s health system.https://qjo.ssor.ir/article_122066_9eb1e888de0bb0825246ff098de05d2c.pdfSocial Security Research InstituteSocial Security Journal1563-078116120200521Identifying Employee Punishment Tools with an Intergenerational
Management Approach in Social Security OrganizationIdentifying Employee Punishment Tools with an Intergenerational
Management Approach in Social Security Organization87131122068FANooshafarinChatrchiPhD in Bussiness Management (Corresponding Author).JavadFaghihipourPhD in Human Sources Management.Journal Article20210106The main purpose of this study is identification the tools of punishing staffs with a generational management approach in social security organization. The research was carried out in 2019 and the geographical region was considered all west and east branches of the Tehran Social Security organization.
The research method was a combination of grounded theory (unstructured) for the qualitative part and at the same time the quantitative content analysis method was used for the quantitative part. The statistical population of the study consists of all staffs of 15 branches of the west General Office, and 18 branches of the east General Office of Tehran. Semi-structured interviews were used to collect data and snowball method was used for sampling. In order to enrich the results, Eventually,
442 people of different ages participated in this survey to satisfy the goal of this study, which requires the participation of different generations. Also, the method of data analysis was performed using triple coding of grounded theory technique and code counting (quantitative content analysis) in MAXQDA software environment. Regarding the punishment tools among different generations of employees, at the begining 1517 initial codes (23 codes related to the first generation, 423 codes related to the second generation, 642 codes related to the third generation, and 429 codes related to the fourth generation) were obtained that at the end were reduced and remained just 1494. Then the codes categorized into 8 types as follows:
positive non-financial penalties, negative non-financial penalties, positive financial penalties, negative financial penalties, and effective penalties. Prerequisites for effective punishment; Codified system of punishment; effective warning features as well as effective punitive features
<strong> </strong>The main purpose of this study is identification the tools of punishing staffs with a generational management approach in social security organization. The research was carried out in 2019 and the geographical region was considered all west and east branches of the Tehran Social Security organization.
The research method was a combination of grounded theory (unstructured) for the qualitative part and at the same time the quantitative content analysis method was used for the quantitative part. The statistical population of the study consists of all staffs of 15 branches of the west General Office, and 18 branches of the east General Office of Tehran. Semi-structured interviews were used to collect data and snowball method was used for sampling. In order to enrich the results, Eventually,
442 people of different ages participated in this survey to satisfy the goal of this study, which requires the participation of different generations. Also, the method of data analysis was performed using triple coding of grounded theory technique and code counting (quantitative content analysis) in MAXQDA software environment. Regarding the punishment tools among different generations of employees, at the begining 1517 initial codes (23 codes related to the first generation, 423 codes related to the second generation, 642 codes related to the third generation, and 429 codes related to the fourth generation) were obtained that at the end were reduced and remained just 1494. Then the codes categorized into 8 types as follows:
positive non-financial penalties, negative non-financial penalties, positive financial penalties, negative financial penalties, and effective penalties. Prerequisites for effective punishment; Codified system of punishment; effective warning features as well as effective punitive features
<strong> </strong>https://qjo.ssor.ir/article_122068_a80b8395c5f7246bc2e09aff4f75cd47.pdfSocial Security Research InstituteSocial Security Journal1563-078116120200521Migrant Workers’ Rights to Access Social Security Benefits under
International Instruments and Bilateral Labor AgreementsMigrant Workers’ Rights to Access Social Security Benefits under
International Instruments and Bilateral Labor Agreements133153122069FAJafarBaratiPhD Student in Public Law, Azad University Science and Research Branch, Tehran (Corresponding
Author).AhmadKhosraviPhD in Public Law, Assistant Professor at University of Birjand.HassanShabaninejadPhD Student in Public Law, Azad University Central Tehran Branch.Journal Article20210106<strong>B</strong><strong>ackground: </strong>From the perspective of international standards, countries of destination for migration should extend social security protections - at least in terms of job benefits - to migrant workers on the basis of the principle of equal treatment of national workers. However, due to economic differences among countries, the inadequate implementation of international instruments on the right to social security, and the lack of extensive bilateral social security agreements, many migrant workers have been deprived of social security protections.
<strong>O</strong><strong>bjective: </strong>Providing solutions to ensure the right of all types of migrant workers to access social security, examining the shortcomings and gaps in this area, and providing appropriate solutions are among the basic objectives of this study.
<strong>Me</strong><strong>thod: </strong>This descriptive-analytical study attempts to provide social security protections to migrant workers after analyzing their situations.
<strong>C</strong><strong>onclusion: </strong>The results of the study show that an inappropriate guarantee of the implementation of international instruments as well as the economic differences among countries caused many migrant workers to be deprived of social security protections. Meanwhile, bilateral labor agreements can better guarantee migrant workers’ access to social security protections because they conform to the economic realities of countries.<strong>B</strong><strong>ackground: </strong>From the perspective of international standards, countries of destination for migration should extend social security protections - at least in terms of job benefits - to migrant workers on the basis of the principle of equal treatment of national workers. However, due to economic differences among countries, the inadequate implementation of international instruments on the right to social security, and the lack of extensive bilateral social security agreements, many migrant workers have been deprived of social security protections.
<strong>O</strong><strong>bjective: </strong>Providing solutions to ensure the right of all types of migrant workers to access social security, examining the shortcomings and gaps in this area, and providing appropriate solutions are among the basic objectives of this study.
<strong>Me</strong><strong>thod: </strong>This descriptive-analytical study attempts to provide social security protections to migrant workers after analyzing their situations.
<strong>C</strong><strong>onclusion: </strong>The results of the study show that an inappropriate guarantee of the implementation of international instruments as well as the economic differences among countries caused many migrant workers to be deprived of social security protections. Meanwhile, bilateral labor agreements can better guarantee migrant workers’ access to social security protections because they conform to the economic realities of countries.https://qjo.ssor.ir/article_122069_d35efe17c288afa7d510abaad5ed0bea.pdfSocial Security Research InstituteSocial Security Journal1563-078116120200521Working Cinema in the World Case Study of Turkey and ItalyWorking Cinema in the World Case Study of Turkey and Italy155173122070FAFatemehAziziMA in Women Studies, University of Tehran (Corresponding Author).SamiraNorouz NaseriMA in Cinema.Journal Article20210106In this article, in order to study working cinema in the world, two examples of these kind of films in Europe and Asia are examined. At first, the representation of labor and working class is highlighted in Italian neorealist cinema as a pioneer film movement in realism representing the condition of working class life in documentary style. We have explored the influence of the movement on third- world cinemen specially Turkish cinema. Studying Turkish cineman and the way it depicts “people” gives us a deeper understanding of the topic, because Iranian and Turkish cinema have a lot in common due to their similar political and cultural context and geographical location and that they both have been influenced by neorealism and are a part of the movement on a world scale. The representation of legal, political and economic minorities which is less visible in the mainstream cinema is what links neorealism school to third-world cinema, specially Turkish cinema.In this article, in order to study working cinema in the world, two examples of these kind of films in Europe and Asia are examined. At first, the representation of labor and working class is highlighted in Italian neorealist cinema as a pioneer film movement in realism representing the condition of working class life in documentary style. We have explored the influence of the movement on third- world cinemen specially Turkish cinema. Studying Turkish cineman and the way it depicts “people” gives us a deeper understanding of the topic, because Iranian and Turkish cinema have a lot in common due to their similar political and cultural context and geographical location and that they both have been influenced by neorealism and are a part of the movement on a world scale. The representation of legal, political and economic minorities which is less visible in the mainstream cinema is what links neorealism school to third-world cinema, specially Turkish cinema.https://qjo.ssor.ir/article_122070_2070e1eab2e591475fdb1df4e3c46d38.pdfSocial Security Research InstituteSocial Security Journal1563-078116120200521Investigating the Impact of Social Capital on Intra-Organizational Entrepreneurship by Explaining the Mediating Role of Organizational Commitment in Kerman Treatment ManagementInvestigating the Impact of Social Capital on Intra-Organizational Entrepreneurship by Explaining the Mediating Role of Organizational Commitment in Kerman Treatment Management175204122071FAMotaharehMohsenbeigiMA in Business Management, Entrepreneurial orientation, Resalat Institute of Higher Education, Ker-
man, Social Security Organization, Kerman (Corresponding Author).MajidMollamohammadiPhD in Human Resource Management, Head of the Department of Education, Research and Planning of Technical and Vocational Training Organization, Kerman Province,Journal Article20210106<strong>O</strong><strong>bjects: </strong>This research investigates the impact of social capital on intra- organizational entrepreneurship according to mediating role of organizational commitment in managing treatment of social security organization of Kerman.
<strong>S</strong><strong>ta</strong><strong>tistical community and sample size: </strong>Statistical community and sample size: The Statistical community includes all administrative staff of management of social security treatment in Kerman, (non-medical ones). Consist of 362 people. To determine the sample size, Cochran’s formula has been used and 187 people were selected as a sample. The method of selecting sample was accidental.
<strong>R</strong><strong>esearch method: </strong>It is a descriptive and correlative study. A standard questionnaire is used for collecting data. The validity and reliability of questionnaires are also confirmed.
<strong>D</strong><strong>at</strong><strong>a analysis: </strong>Data analysis has been performed using structural equation modeling using Spss software version 22 and Smart PLS version 3 and a significance level of 0.05 has been considered.
<strong>F</strong><strong>indings: </strong>The findings show that social capital has a positive and significant effect on intra-organizational entrepreneurship by explaining the mediating role of organizational commitment.
<strong>C</strong><strong>onclusion: </strong>It can be said that, if the level of social capital, as an ability of actors to obtain and retain resources increase, the staff will become more entrepreneurial, in contrast, if this ability decrease, staff will experience less structural
entrepreneurship, therefore organizations in which participation, commitment, and trust are at a higher level give one more time to think, create, innovate, and ultimately Entrepreneurship. Because the relationship between staff and related factors leads to improvement in intra-organizational entrepreneurship, in contrast any reductions on staff’s relation and their linked factors cause decreasing in intra- organizational entrepreneurship. So having appropriate structure for organization in deciding and doing activity as a team brings ideation and innovation in organization and finally makes intra-organizational entrepreneurship. In general, the achievements of the project show that social capital on entrepreneurship with role of organizational commitment has positive and significant effect.<strong>O</strong><strong>bjects: </strong>This research investigates the impact of social capital on intra- organizational entrepreneurship according to mediating role of organizational commitment in managing treatment of social security organization of Kerman.
<strong>S</strong><strong>ta</strong><strong>tistical community and sample size: </strong>Statistical community and sample size: The Statistical community includes all administrative staff of management of social security treatment in Kerman, (non-medical ones). Consist of 362 people. To determine the sample size, Cochran’s formula has been used and 187 people were selected as a sample. The method of selecting sample was accidental.
<strong>R</strong><strong>esearch method: </strong>It is a descriptive and correlative study. A standard questionnaire is used for collecting data. The validity and reliability of questionnaires are also confirmed.
<strong>D</strong><strong>at</strong><strong>a analysis: </strong>Data analysis has been performed using structural equation modeling using Spss software version 22 and Smart PLS version 3 and a significance level of 0.05 has been considered.
<strong>F</strong><strong>indings: </strong>The findings show that social capital has a positive and significant effect on intra-organizational entrepreneurship by explaining the mediating role of organizational commitment.
<strong>C</strong><strong>onclusion: </strong>It can be said that, if the level of social capital, as an ability of actors to obtain and retain resources increase, the staff will become more entrepreneurial, in contrast, if this ability decrease, staff will experience less structural
entrepreneurship, therefore organizations in which participation, commitment, and trust are at a higher level give one more time to think, create, innovate, and ultimately Entrepreneurship. Because the relationship between staff and related factors leads to improvement in intra-organizational entrepreneurship, in contrast any reductions on staff’s relation and their linked factors cause decreasing in intra- organizational entrepreneurship. So having appropriate structure for organization in deciding and doing activity as a team brings ideation and innovation in organization and finally makes intra-organizational entrepreneurship. In general, the achievements of the project show that social capital on entrepreneurship with role of organizational commitment has positive and significant effect.https://qjo.ssor.ir/article_122071_b0e274cb95f03288f07d2f44a5e96f72.pdfSocial Security Research InstituteSocial Security Journal1563-078116120200521Changes of IMF Approach Regarding the Consequences of InequalityChanges of IMF Approach Regarding the Consequences of Inequality207229122074FAZahraKarimi MoughariAssociate Professor at University of Mazandaran (Translator,).Journal Article20210106International Monetary Fund (IMF) released an important report entitled “Causes
and Consequences of Income Inequality: A Global Perspective” (Dabla Noris et.al.
2015). Publication of this paper by IMF, that has been the advocate of market mechanism and the minimal state for the last 3 decades, created wide spread reactions among policy makers, experts and economists all around the world. This paper is discussed in Iranian press as well. The paper studies on the impact of income inequality on earning new income and assets as well as better education and health. Due to empirical evidence, the paper concludes, inequality can’t stimulate economic growth. Therefore authors recommend policies to reduce income inequality.
International Monetary Fund (IMF) released an important report entitled “Causes
and Consequences of Income Inequality: A Global Perspective” (Dabla Noris et.al.
2015). Publication of this paper by IMF, that has been the advocate of market mechanism and the minimal state for the last 3 decades, created wide spread reactions among policy makers, experts and economists all around the world. This paper is discussed in Iranian press as well. The paper studies on the impact of income inequality on earning new income and assets as well as better education and health. Due to empirical evidence, the paper concludes, inequality can’t stimulate economic growth. Therefore authors recommend policies to reduce income inequality.
https://qjo.ssor.ir/article_122074_dfaad9f1c5a8192ee2d64ed2c7599b8b.pdf